Table of Links
Abstract and 1. Introduction
2. Data and Methodology
2.1 Bubble Timestamping
2.2 Cryptocurrency-LAND Wealth Effect
3. Results
3.1 Bubble Timestamping
3.2 Cryptocurrency-LAND Wealth Effect
3.3 Granger Causality Test
4. Conclusion and References
Appendix: Bored Ape Yacht Club’s Otherside
4. Conclusion
In this article, we document the wealth spillover effect from metaverse cryptocurrencies (MANA and SAND) into their corresponding virtual real estate (LAND NFTs). Real estate bubbles have occurred throughout history. In the case of these metaverses where opportunities to directly earn real estate income are not established, the situation reminisces the Florida real estate bubble in the mid-1920s. In an article discussing lessons from the 1920s crisis relevant to the 2008 crisis, White (2009) pointed to Galbraith’s (1954) observation that rather than being “elements of substance”, real estate prices were “based on the self-delusion that the Florida swamps would be wonderful residential real estate”.
While Simpson (1933) surmised that the 1920s American real estate bubble was a result of a “dangerous” collaboration between banks, real estate promoters and local politicians, rather than wealth spillover effect from other sources, it nevertheless provided the necessary ingredient for leveraged positions in equity during the late 1920s. Thus, it could be argued that wealth spillover had its role in the 1929 crash. From the analysis in White (2009), the real estate-equity double bubbles spanned almost a decade, but in the crypto world where price movements are more volatile and change more rapidly, the wealth effect can take just weeks (if not days, as suggested by the BAYC’s result in the Appendix) to occur. As evident from the 2008 crisis, evaporation of real estate wealth can cascade into a systemic crisis. For this metaverse cryptocurrency-LAND double bubble, the impact is likely limited as NFTs are not yet widely accepted as loan collateral, but our finding confirms that the fear outlined by the FSB is justified.[8]
Online communities often jest that the decentralized finance “experiment” is “speed running the evolution of the modern financial system”. [9] but put differently, it also means we are reliving our mistakes from the past, and some are paying the price for it.
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Author:
(1) Kanis Saengchote, Chulalongkorn Business School, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand. (email: [email protected]).
[8] One example of a lending platform which accepts NFTs as collateral is NFTfi, which offers loans denominated in wETH and DAI (a collateralized stablecoin). As of September 9, 2022, the majority of loans denominated in wETH are secured by Bored Ape Yacht Club and Mutant Ape Yacht Club NFTs, while loans denominated in DAI are mostly secured by wrapped Cryptopunks and Bored Ape Yacht Club. Loans collateralized by LAND NFTs account for a less than 1 percent of outstanding loans on the platform. [9] See, for example, https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=26262596, accessed on September 9, 2022.
