The EU-India free trade agreement (FTA) negotiations face several key hurdles; India protects its agricultural sector with high tariffs and subsidies, fearing EU competition could harm local farmers. The EU, meanwhile, pushes for market access but faces resistance due to India’s domestic sensitivities. India maintains high tariffs on goods like automobiles, wines, and dairy, which the EU wants reduced. India seeks greater access for its textiles and pharmaceuticals in the EU, but faces strict regulatory barriers.
India wants easier visa norms for its professionals in the EU, particularly in IT and services. The EU is cautious, citing immigration concerns and labor market impacts. The EU demands stronger patent protections, especially for pharmaceuticals, while India prioritizes affordable generics, creating tension over IPR standards. The EU’s push for environmental, labor, and human rights clauses, including its Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism, clashes with India’s concerns about added costs and sovereignty.
The EU seeks access to India’s public procurement markets, but India restricts foreign participation to protect domestic industries. India’s ties with Russia and differing views on global issues complicate trust-building, slowing progress. Negotiations, ongoing since 2007, aim for a deal by late 2025, but these issues require significant compromise. Both sides see strategic value—India as a counterweight to China for the EU, and the EU as a key market for India—but bridging these gaps remains complex.
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The EU and China are each other’s largest trading partners for goods, with bilateral trade reaching €739 billion in 2023. However, their relationship is complex, marked by significant imbalances and tensions, unlike the EU-India negotiations, which face different structural challenges. The EU runs a persistent trade deficit with China, reaching €292 billion in 2023, down from €396 billion in 2022. EU exports to China were €223.6 billion, while imports were €515.9 billion. This contrasts with EU-India trade, where deficits are smaller, and negotiations focus more on tariff reductions than such stark imbalances.
China accounts for 21% of EU imports but only 8% of exports, highlighting dependency on Chinese goods like telecommunications equipment and electrical machinery. The EU seeks reciprocity, as China’s market remains closed in key sectors like procurement and services. European firms face regulatory barriers, forced technology transfers, and weak intellectual property enforcement. This mirrors India’s protective stance on agriculture but differs in scale due to China’s global manufacturing dominance.
China’s push for self-sufficiency and import substitution limits EU opportunities, unlike India, where negotiations aim to open markets mutually. The EU imposed tariffs up to 35.3% on Chinese EVs in 2024, citing unfair subsidies. China retaliated with duties on EU dairy and brandy. Recent talks explore minimum pricing instead, showing pragmatic dialogue absent in stalled EU-India agricultural talks.
China dominates supply chains, refining 90% of critical raw materials, creating EU dependency. This contrasts with EU-India discussions, which focus less on tech and more on traditional sectors. The EU views China as a partner, competitor, and systemic rival since 2019, balancing cooperation with caution. Tensions over China’s Russia ties and human rights issues complicate trade, unlike EU-India talks, where geopolitics play a lesser role.
U.S. tariffs under Trump (up to 125% on Chinese goods) push China to seek closer EU ties, potentially flooding Europe with cheap goods. The EU is wary, unlike its proactive FTA push with India to counter China’s influence. Chinese FDI in the EU hit €185 billion in 2024, nearly matching EU investments in China. However, the stalled EU-China Comprehensive Agreement on Investment (CAI) since 2021 reflects distrust, unlike the EU-India focus on building a new FTA framework.
Despite a 1.6% trade rise in 2024 (€762 billion), EU exports to China dropped 4.5%, signaling vulnerabilities. China’s resilience contrasts with India’s slower integration into global trade. The EU’s tools—like foreign subsidy regulations and anti-dumping measures—target China’s distortions, a sharper approach than the negotiated tariff reductions sought with India.
EU-China trade dwarfs EU-India trade, with China as a systemic challenge due to its economic weight. India’s hurdles are more about domestic protections than global dominance. EU-China tensions center on high-tech and imbalances, while EU-India talks grapple with agriculture, labor mobility, and sustainability standards. The EU uses defensive measures (tariffs, probes) against China but seeks cooperative deal-making with India, reflecting different strategic priorities.
EU-China trade remains robust but strained by imbalances, subsidies, and geopolitics. Recent talks on EVs and trade diversion suggest pragmatic steps, driven by external pressures like U.S. tariffs. Unlike EU-India negotiations, which aim for long-term integration, EU-China dynamics hinge on managing rivalry while preserving economic ties. Both relationships underscore the EU’s challenge to balance openness with strategic autonomy in a multipolar world.
